Last updated: October 2026 Β· 3 min read
Journalism is the work of gathering, verifying and presenting news and information to the public. A free press is often called the fourth pillar of democracy, after the legislature, executive and judiciary, because it holds power to account.
The 5Ws and H
Every good news story answers Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. Reporters usually put the most important facts first, in what is called the inverted pyramid style.
Types of journalism
| Type | Focus |
|---|---|
| Investigative | Uncovering wrongdoing through long research |
| Political | Government, elections and policy |
| Business and financial | Companies, markets and the economy |
| Data journalism | Telling stories with numbers and charts |
| Sports | Matches, players and sports business |
| Science and health | Research and medical news explained for the public |
| Photojournalism | Telling news through images |
| Broadcast and digital | TV, radio, podcasts, websites and social media |
How news is made
- Tip or event: a press conference, accident, document or source.
- Reporting: interviews, documents, field visits.
- Verification: cross-checking facts with at least two independent sources.
- Writing: clear, neutral language.
- Editing: an editor checks facts, fairness and legal risks.
- Publishing and updating as the story develops.
Ethics of journalism
- Accuracy: get facts right and correct mistakes openly.
- Fairness: give people a chance to respond.
- Independence: avoid conflicts of interest and paid news.
- Minimise harm: protect victims, children and privacy.
- Separate news from opinion.
In India, the Press Council of India sets norms of journalistic conduct for print media, while TV news follows self-regulatory codes.
How to become a journalist in India
Many journalists study mass communication or journalism at institutes such as IIMC, Asian College of Journalism or university departments, but strong writing, curiosity and verification skills matter most. Start by reporting local stories, building a portfolio and learning digital tools.
Frequently asked questions
Why is journalism called the fourth estate?
Because it acts as a watchdog on the three branches of government, informing citizens and exposing abuse of power.
What is yellow journalism?
Sensational, exaggerated reporting designed to attract readers rather than inform them accurately.
What is citizen journalism?
Reporting by ordinary people, often using smartphones and social media.
Keep exploring
Facts are based on widely accepted official, scientific and historical sources at the time of writing. Spotted something that needs updating? Let us know.
